Pantone International Research Institute has announced the main color of 2023. Pantone 18-1750 Viva Magenta, a raspberry red shade with purple undertones, was found to be the color of the year. The company’s employees developed a new shade inspired by a natural dye called carmine. It is said to be produced by female cochineal beetles.

What colors will be in fashion in 2023, you can make 3 big groups.

Yoga was formed during the heyday of the ancient Aryan civilization, in different parts of the planet, in parallel, and then, after the collapse of the aforementioned civilization, it was preserved mainly in India and several other countries of the East.

The word yoga is primarily associated with the physical and meditative practices found in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, but this does not mean that Yoga is originally a Hindu, Buddhist, or Jain system. The origin of the science of yoga (before it was set forth by the sage Patanjali in the work “Yoga Sutra”) are the four Vedas, the main authority othe thought of the ancient Aryan civilization: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda. The opinion that Yoga is a part of Hinduism and is one of the six Indian orthodox (orthodox) philosophical schools in Hinduism (the main purpose of which is exercise) does not follow from the historical facts about Yoga. In Jainism, Yoga is the integration of spiritual, mental and physical activities

Yoga (Dev. योग) is a Sanskrit word that has many meanings, but one of the main meanings is “Connection”. Connect with your inner world, people and nature around you. Yoga is a science, not just a sport, as it is often misrepresented in many sources. This style called “Ashtanga Yoga”, which, again in Sanskrit, means “Yoga of the Eight Limbs”, is a very broad and complex system of physical, mental and spiritual spheres, spheres that empower a person: body postures (Asanas), breathing exercises ( Pranayama), with the help of concentration exercises (Meditation) and many other means of self-knowledge. One of the main characteristics of this system is that the closer you get to it, the more enjoyable the process becomes, full of many adventurous moments of self-discovery.

Yama (standards of ethics, restraint, personal hygiene, norms of morality)
Niyama (self-organization, social and spiritual orientation)
Asana (poses suitable for the body)
Pranayama (regulation and control of breathing)
Pratyahara (cognition and control of the senses)
Dharana (concentration on a specific object)
Dhyana (meditation, establishing connection with the target-object of concentration)
Samadhi (a super-conscious state characterized by the qualities of enlightenment, in which we get closer to the elements of nature, the Universe, know ourselves and the world around us, to go on our Journey with more passion and honor, to be happy)

In Hindu philosophy (which is a cultural layer that arose much later than the creation and development of the Yoga system and does not express the whole truth about Yoga) the main directions of yoga are Jnana Yoga (Science), Bhakti Yoga (devotion or worship), Kriya Yoga (skill, also includes Hatha Yoga), Karma Yoga (of service) and Raja Yoga (integral, includes all four directions). In Hindu philosophy, it forms part of the Samkya tradition.

Various Hindu texts discuss yoga, particularly the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita, and various Tantras. Translated from Sanskrit, yoga has many meanings. Formed from the Sanskrit root “yuj”. which means “to rule”, “to yoke” or “to unite”. Yoga is also translated as “union”, “unification”, “connection”, “meaning”, “integration”.
Outside of India, yoga is mainly associated with Hatha Yoga and its Asanas (physical exercises, postures), pranayama (breathing exercises) and meditation (concentration exercises).

Practitioners of yoga, followers of yoga philosophy, who attain a higher order of abilities are called Yogini (in the case of women) and Yogi (also Yogin) (in the case of men).

Facts about yoga

1. The most common misconception is that many people think yoga is a religion. In fact, it is a whole group of philosophies and harmony of physical movements that help a person in spiritual and physical self-confidence.
2. Yoga involves smooth and slow movements. If performed correctly, it will never harm the human body.
3. Science has found that yoga reduces anxiety and improves mood.
4. Yoga practitioners have documented that many diseases are caused by improper breathing. For example, they noted that only prolonged breathing through the left nostril can cause asthma, and to cure the disease, it is necessary to breathe only through the right nostril.
5. Calm and slow movements, which also include meditation, have a positive effect during work and calm the human nervous system. It affects the proper functioning of the lungs and digestive system.
6. Practicing yoga increases concentration and develops the brain.
7. American soldiers do yoga instead of morning exercise. In Russia, yoga is used to train aerialists, lifeguards, divers and explorers.
8. Archaeological excavations have shown that yoga was practiced not only in India, but also in many ancient civilizations in South America.

Color symbols, meaning and influence of colors in psychology and culture. Colors have always fascinated people for both aesthetic and social reasons. However, it should be remembered that the sense of color depends on physiological, psychological and socio-cultural systems, that is, the psychological perception of color is subjective, and one can only make general comments about their characteristics and use.

Red – belongs to the series of warm colors, it is associated with love and anger, the color red also plays a big role in concentration, that is why the most important events in the calendar are marked in red, it is a bold color, it helps to activate the body. A lot of red increases the energy level. It is an inspiring color that raises blood pressure, quickens breathing, and heart rate. Allows you to feel more confident and protects against fears. It is considered a passionate color, it allows you to feel warmth, comfort, but sometimes it causes anxiety and aggression.

Blue – relieves illness and pain. This color brings calmness and clarity of mind and emotions. But sometimes it can also cause sadness and apathy. Symbolizes harmony in life, but the electric shade of blue is considered a stimulating and energetic color. Dark blue characterizes authority, practicality, wisdom, self-realization, promotes interpersonal communication, it is a bolder color, and light blue causes melancholy, is considered a cold color, causes inner thoughts, reflections and also flashes of thought.

Black – symbolizes authority and power, black absorbs all the lights of the color spectrum, it evokes quite strong emotions. It is associated with evil, misfortune and danger, and characterizes an unfaithful character. Causes depression, depression, emptiness. One of the positive characteristics is the voluntary concentration of forces, the possibility of prediction. This color arouses interest in himself, attracts him, but at the same time scares him.

Green – it symbolizes nature and flora. Dark green tones bring out stability, eternity and strength, while light shades bring prosperity, optimism and spring mood. Green causes relaxation, freshness, adjusts the balance of hot and cold. Associated with happiness, joy, health. But another shade of green (swamp green) brings out negative emotions and is associated with envy. Green gives us mental and physical calm, helps to overcome depression, neuroses and anger. Restores strength and promotes a sense of self-control and inner harmony.

Yellow – stimulates the nerves, it is considered a warm and joyful color, which is the most tiring of all colors for the eyes. Therefore, looking at bright yellow for a long time can irritate the nerves and eyes, and in extreme cases, it can also cause blindness. Causes optimism and energy, activates the creative mind. Yellow regulates the work of the mind, activates memory and encourages communication. Often perceived as the color of hospitality and generosity, it is also associated with novelty. And its darker shade, golden, is a symbol of a bright future, characterizes optimism.

Pink – Pink is the color of life. Symbolizes friendliness, femininity, maturity, is associated with love and romance. Calms, creates a feeling of comfort. Sports teams sometimes paint the opposing team’s door pink to keep them passive and suppress their activity and energy. Dark pink has the same effect as red and has a stimulating effect, speeds up the heart, raises blood pressure, encourages self-confidence and activity. Pink also represents frivolity and flamboyance.

Manushakagun – it is a symbol of royalty and wealth, it represents wisdom and spiritual values. Purple does not often occur in nature, so it is considered an artificial and unique color. It is an ambivalent color, it can both attract and repel. For this, the choice of purple requires a more subtle approach. It can cause anxiety and feelings of anxiety. However, since purple is considered a royal and mysterious color, it is preferred by people with bright personalities and creativity. It is considered the favorite color of teenage girls. This color elevates the mood, calms the nerves and the mind, increases the level of creativity and evokes spiritual feelings.

White – White symbolizes innocence, purity and neutrality. It also symbolizes instability. Creates calmness and confidence. White helps clear thoughts, overcome difficulties and obstacles, awakens clarification of thoughts and actions, creates a feeling of clarity and freshness.

Brown is a natural color, the color of the earth, which evokes confidence, strength, a stable mind, but sometimes sadness, isolation, disappointment and depression. It is combined with warmth, comfort, protection. It has a stabilizing and regulating effect. People who choose this color need physical rest. Symbolizes loyalty. Helps to overcome and relieve anxiety and depression. Those who reject this color are not concerned about their health, they want to create their own personality. They need extremes and attention.

Orange – this is a mixture of yellow and red, increases energy levels and freshens the breath. Brings forth emotionality, warmth, inspiration. It regulates activity, drives socialization, and also regulates appetite. Symbolizes freedom, patience. Always keeping resistance high, this color is associated with the quest for self-assertion. Orange is a warm color that lifts the mood, shows the good and happy aspects of life. In psychodiagnostics, people who prefer orange are considered to be hyperthymic type (greatly gifted people, kind and always in a good mood, but sometimes fickle in their interests, always in need of entertainment). In psychotherapy, this color strengthens the will, improves the work of the endocrine glands and the metabolic process, promotes the improvement of appetite and brings out a feeling of euphoria.

Anna May Wong (1905-1961)

Despite dealing with racism that plagued her career, Wong is still considered Hollywood’s first-ever Asian American movie star. Her talent earned her roles in over 50 domestic and foreign films, and she was also the first Asian American to star in a TV show, The DuMont Television Network’s The Gallery of Madame Liu-Tsong. A year before her death, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood walk of fame (and was the first Asian American woman to receive one). In 2022, the U.S. Mint began producing quarters with Wong’s face—part of the American Women Quarters Program—to honor her life. Learn more about Wong in the documentary Anna May Wong: In Her Own Words.ANTOINE GYORI – CORBIS//GETTY IMAGES2

Melinda Gates (1964-)

Former wife of Microsoft founder Bill Gates, Melinda Gates is an American philanthropist who is known for her work helping those in need and fighting for women’s empowerment and equality. In addition to maintaining her position as co-chair of The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Gates founded Pivotal Ventures in 2015, which works toward efforts like paid leave for all, access to mental healthcare for LGBTQ+ youth and kids of color, and increasing the number of women in politics. Gates was notably awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama in 2016. Learn more about her in her book, The Moment of Lift.JEAN GUICHARD//GETTY IMAGES3

Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)

Becoming the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979, Margaret Thatcher bravely led Britain through some of its toughest years. Although a divisive leader, her work with President Ronald Reagan during the Cold War is still remembered decades later, as well as her move to privatize many state-owned companies and her refusal to negotiate with trade unions. Thatcher’s legacy may be a mixed bag, but her time as Prime Minister had undoubted influence on modern British politics and contributed to London’s powerful role as a worldwide financial capital today. Thatcher wrote about her experiences in The Downing Street Years, The Path to Power, and Statecraft.Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlBETTMANN//GETTY IMAGES4

Rita Moreno (1931-)

Rita Moreno is a Puerto Rican and American singer, dancer, and actress who has paved an important path for women, especially women of color, in the entertainment industry. She is one of few—and the first Latinx person—to have won an EGOT (an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award). Not to mention, she also broke barriers as the first Latinx woman to win an Oscar. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. Learn more about Moreno in the documentary Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It.DREW ANGERER//GETTY IMAGES5

Hillary Clinton (1947-)

Hillary Clinton has accomplished many goals for women in politics, from becoming the first woman to win a major party’s nomination for president to being the the first First Lady to win elected office (a seat in the U.S. Senate). Clinton also was U.S. Secretary of State under President Obama. Throughout it all, Clinton has fought for women’s rights. “My hope for young women coming up is to develop that confidence and that commitment about what you want to make of your own life, and to support other women as they pursue their own ambitions and dreams,” she stated in a Time interview. Learn more about Clinton in her memoirs What Happened, Living History, and Hard Choices.GEORGE PIMENTEL//GETTY IMAGES6

Shonda Rhimes (1970-)

Shonda Rhimes is a famous and highly influential American television producer and screenwriter, best known for creating hit shows such as Bridgerton, Grey’s Anatomy, and Scandal. She is praised for diverse storytelling and representation, both of which have changed television for the better. In an interview for Oprah Daily, Rhimes said: “We still comment when we see a woman of a different size on television. We still comment when a main character is a little bit older than we’re used to seeing, or if somebody is differently-abled. We still comment on somebody of a different ethnicity. It’s not the norm. But in the real world, that is the norm. You look around, and you see people of all kinds. And right now, you don’t see women of all kinds on television.” Read Rhimes’ memoir, Year of Yes, to learn more about her.Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlMANDEL NGAN//GETTY IMAGES7

Tammy Duckworth (1968-)

Duckworth, the Illinois senator and retired National Guard lieutenant colonel, is responsible for an impressive list of firsts. She’s the first Congress member to be born in Thailand, the first to give birth while in office, the first Asian American woman to represent Illinois’ Congress, and the first woman with a disability to be elected to Congress. She lost both of her legs following a helicopter attack in the Iraq War. “People always want me to hide it in pictures,” she told Vogue in 2018. “I say no! I earned this wheelchair. It’s no different from a medal I wear on my chest. Why would I hide it?” Read Duckworth’s memoir, Every Day Is a Gift, here.GETTY IMAGES//GETTY IMAGES8

Kalpana Chawla (1962-2003)

In 1997, after being named a mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia by NASA, Chawla became the first woman of Indian descent to fly in space. The shuttle orbited around Earth 252 times in a little over two weeks. Her second—and last—trip to space came in 2003 when she and six other astronauts completed more than 80 experiments over the course of 16 days. She and the entire crew died when the ship disintegrated upon reentering the Earth’s atmosphere. In 2020, Northrop Grumman, an aerospace, defense, and security company, named a spacecraft after Chawla in her memory.WALLY MCNAMEE//GETTY IMAGES9

Katharine Graham (1917-2001)

As chairman of The Washington Post Co. for 20 years, Graham was one of the first female publishers of a U.S. newspaper and the first woman CEO of a Fortune 500 Company. Graham led The Washington Post from 1963 to 1991, seeing it through its groundbreaking publication of the Pentagon Papers and the Watergate scandal. This move helped establish the Post as one of the most esteemed journalistic institutions in the world. Graham herself won a Pulitzer Prize in 1998 for her autobiography, Personal History.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlPETER TURNLEY//GETTY IMAGES10

Wilma Mankiller (1945-2010)

In 1985, Oklahoma native Wilma Mankiller became the first woman to be Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, leading the largest tribe in the United States (and received a Time 100 cover). During her decade-long chiefdom from 1985 to 1995, “tribal enrollment grew, infant mortality dropped, and employment rates doubled,” according to Time. In 1998, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. Read Mankiller: A Chief and Her People to learn more about her.H.J. MYERS/LIBRARY OF CONGRESS11

Nellie Bly (1864-1922)

Born Elizabeth Cochran, she adopted the pen name “Nellie Bly” to go undercover as an investigative journalist in the 1880s. Bly eventually moved to New York City and, by feigning mental illness, got herself committed to a notorious asylum on Blackwell’s Island. Her reporting on the unfair treatments patients endured led to the New York City municipal government shelling out more money to improve conditions for the mentally ill. Bly achieved another great feat: In 1889, she traveled around the world in 72 days—setting a world record for circumnavigating the globe. The movie 10 Days in a Madhouse is based on her life and legacy.JACK GAROFALO/PARIS MATCH//GETTY IMAGES12

Donyale Luna (1945-1979)

Before Naomi Campbell and Tyra Banks, there was Donyale Luna (née Peggy Ann Freeman). Luna is hailed as “the first Black supermodel,” and she was the first African American model to appear on the cover of British Vogue in March 1966. Luna also appeared in several indie films, including Andy Warhol’s Camp in 1965. Unfortunately, she died at the age of 33 from an accidental heroin overdose in Rome, Italy. Learn more about Luna’s life and career in this retrospective written by her daughter, Dream, in British Vogue.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlGETTY IMAGES13

Hattie McDaniel (1893-1952)

Hattie McDaniel was the first Black actor to receive an Oscar (watch her acceptance speech here), which she won in 1940 for her portrayal of the maid “Mammy” in Gone with the Wind. Unfortunately, when the NAACP lobbied for Hollywood to stop casting similarly stereotyped roles, McDaniel found fewer opportunities. But her legacy is still recognized: She received two posthumous stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.STEPHEN LOVEKIN//GETTY IMAGES14

Amelia Boynton Robinson (1911-2015)

Robinson was at the forefront of the civil rights movement in Georgia and Alabama. She is most recognized for the brutal photographs showing her being attacked by officers during the 1965 “Bloody Sunday” march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Robinson also championed voting rights for African Americans, and her efforts and attack were depicted in Ava DuVernay’s 2014 film, Selma.JOHN VAN HASSELT – CORBIS//GETTY IMAGES15

Junko Tabei (1939-2016)

In 1975, Tabei became the first woman to summit Mount Everest. On top of that, she was also the first woman to complete the “Seven Summits,” climbing the tallest mountain on each continent. Tabei’s Everest expedition was made up of all women—unheard of at the time—and even survived an avalanche. Her motto followed suit: “Do not give up. Keep on your quest.” Read about Tabei’s life in her book Honouring High Places: The Mountain Life of Junko Tabei.Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlMONDADORI PORTFOLIO//GETTY IMAGES16

Zelda Fitzgerald (1900-1948)

Zelda Fitzgerald was married to beloved writer F. Scott Fitzgerald, who wrote the classic novel The Great Gatsby. But what literary fans may not know is that the other Fitzgerald was a talented dancer and writer in her own right. It’s been long speculated that she served as his muse. But in a piece she wrote for The New York Tribune, Fitzgerald also accused her husband of stealing from her journal entries, intimating that he “seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home.” Read the National Book Award-nominated Zelda: A Biography to learn more about her.ETHAN MILLER//GETTY IMAGES17

María Elena Salinas (1954-)

Heralded as the “Voice of Hispanic America” by The New York Times, María Elena Salinas is the first Latinx woman to receive a Lifetime Achievement Emmy. She had a 36-year run at Univision, an American Spanish-language TV company, as well as her own investigative series, The Real Story. Upon leaving Univision in 2017, Salinas said, “I am grateful for having had the privilege to inform and empower the Latino community through the work my colleagues and I do with such passion.” In 2022, Salinas joined ABC News as a contributor. Read her autobiography, I Am My Father’s Daughter, here.GETTY IMAGES18

Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972)

Powerhouse singer Mahalia Jackson is hailed as the “Queen of Gospel.” And while music fans are familiar with songs and hymns such as “Go Tell It on the Mountain” and “Take My Hand, Precious Lord,” what you may not know is that Jackson played a significant role in the March on Washington in 1963. Not only was she a good friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (as seen in Selma), but she was also the inspiration behind Dr. King’s iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. Adviser Clarence Jones reportedly said that it was Jackson who yelled, “Tell them about the dream, Martin!” Watch Danielle Brooks become Jackson in the documentary Robin Roberts Presents: Mahalia.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlTHE WASHINGTON POST//GETTY IMAGES19

Judith Heumann (1947-)

A longtime disability rights advocate, Heumann contracted polio at age 2 and has used a wheelchair ever since. At age 5, Heumann’s school deemed her a “fire hazard” and wouldn’t let her attend—setting Heumann on the path to fight for increased accessibility and rights. She was the first teacher in New York to use a wheelchair (after successfully suing the Board of Education), protested for the passage of the Rehabilitation Act, advised Presidents Clinton and Obama, and has pushed for the globalization of disability rights. Learn more about Heumann in the documentary Crip Camp and in her memoir.BASEBALL HALL OF FAME20

Effa Manley (1897-1981)

During a time when sports predominantly consisted of white male owners and athletes, Effa Manley refused to subscribe to gender and racial stereotypes. Along with her husband, Abe, Manley co-owned the Newark Eagles, a baseball team in the Negro Leagues. The team won the Negro League World Series in 1946, and when Abe died in 1952, she became the sole owner. Manley was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006 (the first—and only—woman to have this honor). Her life is chronicled in the picture book She Loved Baseball.BETTMANN//GETTY IMAGES21

Constance Baker Motley (1921-2005)

Constance Baker Motley has a long list of historic achievements. In 1964, she became the first African American woman to serve in the New York State Senate. She then became the first woman to be Manhattan Borough President. In 1966, she became the first Black female federal judge. Motley won significant civil rights victories in the U.S. Supreme Court—like writing the original complaint in Brown v. Board of Education and representing Dr. King. Motley also paved the way for Ketanji Brown Jackson, the very first Black woman to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court. Read more about Motley in the 2022 biography Civil Rights Queen.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlSCURLOCK STUDIOS/SMITHSONIAN22

Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964)

Celebrated as one of the most prominent Black scholars and feminists in the 19th and 20th centuries, Anna Julia Cooper was a beacon for racial progress among African Americans. In 1892, she published her first book and manifesto, A Voice from the South. She’s the only woman of color ever to be quoted in the current edition of the U.S. Passport. It reads: “The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class—it is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity.” The Anna Julia Cooper Center, which was established in 2012, now continues her mission of “intersectional scholarship.”MICHAEL OCHS ARCHIVES//GETTY IMAGES23

Hazel Dorothy Scott (1920-1981)

The Trinidadian jazz singer was a legend for her ability to play two pianos at the same time—Alicia Keys even paid homage by doing the same at the 2019 Grammys. Scott was a musical prodigy who caught the attention of a professor at the Juilliard School in New York (at age 8!). The celebrated classical pianist also performed on Broadway, had several small cameos in films, and was the first Black woman to host her own TV show, The Hazel Scott Show, which aired for a few months in 1950 before Scott was blacklisted during the Red Scare. Even though the show was canceled, she was applauded for her testimony: “The actors, musicians, artists, composers, and all of the men and women of the arts are eager and anxious to help, to serve. Our country needs us more today than ever before. We should not be written off by the vicious slanders of little and petty men.”
NEW YORK TIMES CO.//GETTY IMAGES24

Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973)

Rankin was the first woman, and one of the few suffragists, elected to Congress. Though she is applauded today, her decision to vote against U.S. participation in World War I and World War II was met with disapproval at the time. After her election in 1916, she said, “I may be the first woman member of Congress, but I won’t be the last.” (And she was right—in 2023, there are a record number of women in Congress.)Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlTONY DUFFY//GETTY IMAGES25

Florence Griffith Joyner (1959-1998)

Though her life was tragically cut short at the age of 38, Olympic sprinter Florence “Flo-Jo” Griffith Joyner’s record remains undefeated. She is considered the fastest woman of all time—both the records she set in 1988 for the 100-meter and 200-meter dashes still stand today. In 2018, Beyoncé honored Griffith’s athletic ability and coveted style (she was famous for her long nails) on Halloween.DONALDSON COLLECTION//GETTY IMAGES26

Katherine Johnson (1918-2020)

No longer a “hidden figure,” Katherine Johnson’s famous mathematical computations—which launched astronaut John Glenn into orbit in 1962 and later sent Apollo 11 to the Moon—were finally highlighted in the 2016 movie Hidden Figures (she was portrayed by Taraji P. Henson). In 2015, Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama. Following her death at the age of 101, in 2021 Northrop Grumman named a spacecraft after her, and her posthumous memoir, My Remarkable Journey, was released.NBC//GETTY IMAGES27

Sonia Sotomayor (1954-)

In 2009, Sotomayor became the first Latina Supreme Court justice (and third female justice) in U.S. history when she was appointed by President Obama. Sotomayor is also the author of four books, and, as a justice, supports women’s issues, criminal justice reform, and legal immigration. Fun fact: Sotomayor decided at age 10 that she wanted to become an attorney because of the legal drama Perry Mason.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlBETTMANN//GETTY IMAGES28

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Not only was French and Polish physicist and chemist Marie Curie the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, but she also won the award twice (and is the only woman to do that, too). Curie discovered the elements radium and polonium, which became monumental in research for cancer treatment and cures. She also created portable X-ray machines and used them to treat soldiers on the front lines of World War I. Curie’s daughter, Eve, wrote Madame Curie: A Biography, about her mother’s life.AP29

Georgia Gilmore (1920-1990)

Gilmore was integral to the Montgomery bus boycotts: She sold meals to fellow activists and returned the funds to the movement—which in turn paid for alternate transportation. Gilmore called her group “The Club from Nowhere” and remained a community fixture—her home became an informal restaurant that saw the likes of Robert F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Dr. King time and again (including after the 1965 march from Selma). Read more about her in The Potlikker Papers.GETTY IMAGES30

Ibtihaj Muhammad (1985-)

In 2016, fencing champion Ibtihaj Muhammad became the first Muslim woman to represent the U.S. at the Olympics, where she won a bronze medal and was the first Olympian to wear a hijab. That same year, Time included Muhammad on the 100 Most Influential People list, and two years later, Mattel created a hijab-wearing doll in her honor. Read more about Muhammad in her memoir Proud: My Fight for an Unlikely American Dream.https://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlAdvertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlPICTURE ALLIANCE//GETTY IMAGES31

Ellen Ochoa (1958-)

In April 1993, Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go into space (aboard the Discovery shuttle). She spent nine days surveying the Earth’s ozone layer and solar activity. Since that mission, she’s made three additional trips into space. In 2013, she accomplished another major feat by becoming the first Hispanic director, and second female director, of the Johnson Space Center in Houston.BETTMANN//GETTY IMAGES32

Patsy Takemoto Mink (1927-2002)

The late Hawaii representative was the first Asian American woman elected to Congress (and also the first Asian American to run for president). Mink coauthored the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Amendment that prohibits sex discrimination. “What you endure is who you are,” Mink said in the documentary Ahead of the Majority. “And if you just accept and do nothing, then life goes on. But if you see it as a way for change, life doesn’t have to be so unfair…. I can’t change the past, but I can certainly help somebody else in the future so they don’t have to go through what I did.” Read more about Mink in the biography cowritten by her daughter, Fierce and Fearless.ROBIN COOPER/PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE33

Lynda Blackmon Lowery (1950-)

At the age of 15, Lynda Blackmon Lowery was on a mission to bring about change in the segregated South. She was the youngest person ever to take part in the Selma Voting Rights March of 1965, at the age of 15. She wrote the memoir Turning 15 on the Road to Freedom to share her unique experience during the civil rights movement.Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlGETTY IMAGES34

Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994)

As a child, Rudolph suffered from polio and scarlet fever. Despite being told that she wouldn’t be able to walk again, she went on to become one of the world’s fastest women. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, she won three gold medals, becoming the first American woman to win three medals in track and field at the same Olympic games. She also used her sports platform for social causes, working at a Chicago-based youth foundation that developed girls’ running teams.BALLETS RUSSES35

Raven Wilkinson (1935-2018)

Today, we praise Misty Copeland as the first African American woman principal dancer at the American Ballet Theater company. But Raven Wilkinson set the groundwork for Black ballerinas, and she also happens to be one of Copeland’s inspirations and mentors. Wilkinson was one of the first African American dancers to perform with a major ballet company, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Learn more about her in the documentary Black Ballerina.VAL SHAFF36

Sylvia Rivera (1951-2002)

Along with Marsha P. Johnson, Rivera, a Venezuelan-Puerto Rican trans woman, was one of the original activists who spoke up for trans people during the gay rights movement. She participated in the Stonewall uprising, launched the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization in 1970, which provided aid and shelter for trans youth living in New York City, and fought for transgender people to be included in New York’s Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act. The Sylvia Rivera Law Project was named in her honor, and serves as a resource to protect the rights of the LGBTQ+ community.Advertisement – Continue Reading Belowhttps://af0180a93ca4ee001f2a3c8e9396b60b.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.htmlGETTY IMAGES37

Mildred Loving (1939-2008)

We love an epic love story, especially when it results in much-needed change. Thanks to Mildred and Richard Loving, an interracial couple whose historic Supreme Court case helped to erase segregation laws in the U.S., partners can now marry outside of their race. In 1958, the Lovings were arrested for violating the Racial Integrity Act of 1924. However, they fought for their love, and their case was reimagined in the 2016 movie Loving.GETTY IMAGES38

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (1952-)

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen was the first Latina to serve in the Florida House, the Florida Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives. The Cuban American’s platforms included championing marriage equality and education and opposing Fidel Castro’s regime. She retired in 2017, telling the Miami Herald, “It’s been such a delight and a high honor to serve our community for so many years and help constituents every day of the week.”

Moonstone, a mineral, a translucent variety of potassium feldspar (adularia), sometimes plagioclase. Lusanacar is a silicate of sodium, potassium, aluminum, which has a pearly appearance and exhibits an opalescent luster. An alternative name is hekatolith. It shines with a sky blue color reminiscent of moonlight. The name comes from the visual effect, brilliance or play of color resulting from the diffraction of light in the microstructure of the crystal. The microstructure consists of regularly arranged layers of various alkaline feldspars (orthoclase, high sodium plagioclase). Moonstone is known by many names: Moonstone is mainly worn in jewelry to enjoy its full benefits. As a pendant or bracelet, it is often associated with metals such as silver or white gold, as their purity and transparency enhance the beauty of the moonstone. In this case, it is cut in a cabochon shape to best emphasize its beauty. Some moonstones can be quite attractively priced if they have really rare nuances.

The most common types are “cat’s eye” with a transverse reflection and “star” with several reflections placed in the form of an asterisk, and can also be used as a decor item for home decoration. Placing it on your bedside table or wherever you spend time will allow you to make the most of its benefits. The bedroom is a great place to have moonstone positive effects on libido, fertility, and daydreaming. It’s not for nothing that moonstone is a favorite of lovers lithotherapy. As you can imagine, this magical translucent white mineral has been used for its benefit for centuries. In ancient times, it was already praised for its properties and worshiped for its resemblance to the moon star.

In ancient times, the moon was worshiped and worshiped by poets and scientists alike. He was associated with Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt, nature and virginity, and two of her devotees, Selene and Hekate. They were all called the lunar triad. It is interesting to note that today a moonstone is sometimes called a hecatolith in relation to Hekate. In ancient times, a moonstone was admired for its resemblance to a star that dispels the darkness of the night. Many legends were attributed to him. To be clairvoyant, men dressed as women before putting the stone in their mouths. It was said that lovers could see the future of their romance by looking at it, and infertile women should wear it around their necks to increase their chances of becoming a mother. Moonstone will finally be able to influence the feeling of love. Moonstone is credited with calming and soothing properties. Hyperactive children, for example, may benefit from its anti-stress properties. Many anxious people will also become calmer if they regularly interact with moonstone, this mineral promotes harmonious relationships between people and softens the temperament of the most violent people. It is believed that it reveals a more “feminine” side in men, thereby contributing to greater respect and better mutual understanding between representatives of both sexes.

Place of Birth. Rarely found in pegmatites or alpine-type veins. Used as a semi-precious stone. There are deposits of moonstone in Armenia (mainly in the area of Lake Sevan), Australia, the Austrian Alps, Mexico, Madagascar, Myanmar, Poland, India, Sri Lanka, and the USA.

Do now exercise

Read the sentences and write down answers Tell me about yourself in 1 sentence.

Which city will you visit first if you get a multi visa.

The first country is the city of Milan, which stands out for its culture and architecture.

If there suddenly was no internet, how would the world change?

I think it would be a little difficult for us, because everything is accessible to all of us through the Internet.

What will you do if you learn perfect English?

Travel organization of Kbatsey.

If you could have studied anything you want, what would that have been?

Learn French and be able to communicate competently.

I  ‘ve you been cycling and my legs are really tired now.

I’m sorry I’m late, have you clycing been for a long time?

How long have you known Peter?

Somebody  has eaten my cookies. There are none left.

How many books has she written?

I think I  ‘ve liked chocolate since I was born.

They have been travelling  for months, and they have visited three countries so far.

Exercise 3

Complete the dialogues below with the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. If both tenses are possible, use the present perfect continuous.

1A: I’m very tired. We  (walk) too fast.

B: Maybe you are right, we  (walk) 10 kilometres in only one hour and a half.

2A: You ‘ve been drinking (drink). You can’t take the car.

B: But I’ve only drunk  (only/drink) a couple of beers!

A: That isn’t true; you have drunk (drink) four beers.

3I  ‘ve been waiting(wait) for you all morning! Where  have you been (you/be) all this time?

4I  ‘ve been teaching (teach) in this school for 20 years, and I  ‘ve met (meet) thousands of students from hundreds of different countries.

Exercise 10.1 

Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets.

1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.
He has been reading for two hours. (read)
He has read 53 pages so far. (read)

2. Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three months ago.
She has been traveling for three months. (travel)
She has visited six countries six countries so far. (visit)

3. Parick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he won the national championship again – for the fourth time.
He has won the national championship four times. (win)
Shehas visited six countries so far. (visit)

4. When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
They have been making films since they left college. (make)
They have made five films since they left college. (make)

Exercise 10.2 

For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.

1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:
(how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?

2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(wait / long?) Have you been waiting long?

3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask:
(catch / any fish?) Have you caught any fish?

4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?) How many people have you invited?

5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
(how long / teach) How long have you been teaching?

6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books / write?) How many books have you written?
(how long / write / books?) How long have you been writing books?

7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask:
(how long / save?) How long have you been saving?
(how much money / save?) How much money have you saved?